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For decades considered unprofitable, krill is today a key marine resource with great potential for aquaculture and other industries.
From the Soviet Experiment to the New Krill Rush (Part 1 of 5)
WORLDWIDE
Monday, July 20, 2026, 00:10 (GMT + 9)
Just half a century ago, Antarctic krill was considered a virtually inexhaustible resource that could feed millions of people. Today, it has become one of the most disputed strategic ingredients for the global aquaculture, nutrition, and functional food industries.
- The transformation did not happen overnight. It was the result of a history that began with an ambitious Soviet experiment, survived the collapse of the Soviet Union, and led to a new industrial competition led by Norway and increasingly followed closely by China.
- The 2024/25 season marked a new turning point. For the first time, the catch in Area 48 reached the operational level of 620,000 tonnes established by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), forcing the closure of the fishery and confirming that krill has ceased to be a resource of primarily scientific interest to become a global strategic asset.

The Soviet Union possessed a global organization operated by Sovrybflot and divided into fleets with independent administrative areas.
For more than six decades, the history of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has oscillated between two forces: the enormous apparent availability of the resource and the difficulty of transforming a small, highly perishable crustacean caught thousands of kilometers from markets into a profitable business.
The Soviet Union was the first to try it on an industrial scale. Decades later, Norway revolutionized the model through technological innovation and value chain integration. China, for its part, is building a new industrial capacity with a long-term vision. The evolution of this fishery can no longer be measured solely by landed tonnes, but by who controls the technology, processing, logistics, and access to the highest value-added markets.

Photo: courtesy Legion Media (Rusia)
What is at stake is much more than a fishery: it is the control of a supply chain that connects Antarctica with aquaculture, pet food, human nutrition, and the global functional ingredients industry.
From 47 Tonnes to an Oceanic Industry
The commercial history of krill began in the 1961/62 season, when two Soviet research vessels caught just 47 tonnes. During the following decade, the Soviet Union developed an experimental phase that culminated in 1972 with the establishment of permanent operations in the Southern Ocean. In 1973, landings already reached approximately 7,500 tonnes, and by the mid-seventies, the activity had evolved into a multinational fishery.

'Antartika' was the organization responsible for Antarctic operations.
That expansion was not improvised. It was part of the sophisticated Soviet long-distance fishing system, capable of integrating factory fleets, onboard processing, technical bases, international supply, and marketing under a single state structure.
Understanding that model is essential to understanding the current industry. The institutional evolution followed a complex chain that started from the Ministry of Fisheries of the Soviet Union and descended to organizations such as Yugryba and Azcherryba, Sovrybflot, operating companies, fleets, and vessels that, after the disintegration of the USSR, gave rise to numerous successor entities.

Photo: courtesy Legion Media (Rusia)
Subsequently reducing those assets to a simple classification as "Russian" or "Ukrainian" hides a much more complex reality. In numerous cases, flags, registered owners, commercial operators, and effective control of the assets changed, while the vessels themselves continued to operate under new corporate structures.
Understanding that continuity will be fundamental to interpreting the evolution of the industry in the next installments of this series.

100 grams of the product contain 17.5 grams of protein; notably, krill protein contains virtually all essential amino acids and has a digestibility of 96% to 97% (compared to 75% to 77% for meat protein). Photo: courtesy of Legion Media (Russia)
The First Boom and the Post-Soviet Collapse
During the second half of the nineteen-seventies, the catch grew rapidly. In 1982, landings reached approximately 528,000 tonnes, the highest volume recorded during that first industrial stage. The former Soviet Union widely dominated the activity, accompanied by Japan and other Eastern Bloc fleets.

Large vessels known as "floating factories" produce frozen and canned products, as well as krill meal and oil.
However, the figures hid a much less favorable economic reality.
Krill begins to degrade a few minutes after capture and requires immediate processing to preserve its commercial value. Added to this were enormous logistical distances, high operational costs, technological limitations, and an still incipient international demand.
The real crisis came with the disappearance of the Soviet Union.
In 1991, the Soviet catch still exceeded 275,000 tonnes. Just two years later, the system that had sustained that activity had practically disappeared. The fleet was redistributed, privatized, fragmented, or retired while the old state structures attempted to adapt to a market economy.

The legendary "Ocean" frozen Antarctic krill paste was developed in the 1960s, when Soviet trawlers were deployed to Antarctic waters. The first batch of the paste went on sale in 1972. It was distributed in light-blue cardboard blocks.
The biomass was still present.
What had collapsed was the industrial system capable of converting that resource into a viable business.
The Return Came Hand in Hand with Technology
For several years, Japan maintained a relatively stable presence in the fishery. However, the true rebirth did not come from a recovery of the old Soviet model, but from a technological revolution.
The incorporation of continuous fishing systems allowed krill to be pumped directly from the net to the processing plant installed onboard, significantly reducing the time between catch and transformation and increasing the quality of the final product.

The Norwegian group Aker Qrill Company adapted the pump system in the codend of the net—which the Dutch had been using for small pelagic fish in Africa—for krill fishing. Photo: courtesy of Qrill Pet. Click on the image to enlarge it.
From then on, the logic of the business changed.
Value ceased to depend exclusively on the volume caught to concentrate on the capacity to produce specialized ingredients destined for high-value markets.
Since 2010, the growth of the fishery has been driven mainly by Norway. Between 2015 and 2025, the country accounted for about two-thirds of the recorded catches, consolidating a model based on vertical integration, technological innovation, and product development.

Decadal catches of krill in the CAMLR Convention Area reported by Argentina (ARG), Chile (CHL), China (CHN), German Democratic Republic (DDR), Spain (ESP), United Kingdom (GBR), Japan (JPN), Republic of Korea (KOR), Latvia (LVA), Norway (NOR), Panama (PAN), Poland (POL), Russian Federation (RUS), USSR (SUN), Ukraine (UKR), Uruguay (URY), United States of America (USA), Vanuatu (VUT) and South Africa (ZAF). (Source: Statistical Bulletin and C1 data for most recent season).
At the same time, the center of gravity of the activity also changed. Most of the fishing effort began to concentrate in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, particularly in the Bransfield Strait, the South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia.
This spatial concentration explains why the international debate no longer revolves solely around the total available biomass, but on how to distribute the fishing effort without increasing pressure on whales, seals, penguins, and other species that depend on the same resource.
The Limit Ceased to Be a Hypothesis
Modern krill management is based on a precautionary approach developed by CCAMLR.

Annual catches of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the CAMLR Convention Area. Click on the image to enlarge it.
Although scientific estimates indicate that the available biomass is far superior to current catches, the organization established an operational level of 620,000 tonnes for Area 48 as long as there is no consensus system for spatial distribution of catches at a finer scale.
Until 2024, Conservation Measure 51-07 distributed that volume among different subareas to avoid excessive concentration of fishing effort. As no consensus was reached for its renewal, the measure expired and the global limit remained in force, although without the specific allocation between subareas.
The 2024/25 season marked a historical milestone.
For the first time, the cumulative catch reached the operational level established by CCAMLR and the fishery had to be closed before the end of the season.
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The event does not imply, by itself, an overexploitation of the resource.
It does demonstrate that the installed industrial capacity is already sufficient to fully reach the operational ceiling defined by the international authority.
The discussion ceased to be theoretical.
What Lies Ahead
This first installment explains how the modern krill industry was born. Upcoming investigations will analyze who currently controls the value chain and how world leadership could evolve over the next decade.

Location of Small-Scale Management Units in Area 48. In Subarea 48.1: 1. Pelagic Area (APPA), 2. Antarctic Peninsula West (APW), 3. Drake Passage West (APDPW), 4. Drake Passage East (APDPE), 5. Elephant Island (APEI), 6. Bransfield Strait West (APBSW), 7. Bransfield Strait East (APBSE), 8. Antarctic Peninsula East (APE). These are grouped into 481PA (1), 481N (2, 3, 4 and 5) and 481S (6, 7 and 8) for the aggregation of length frequency distributions of krill (following the recommendation of WGEMM-15; SC-CAMLR-XXXIV, Annex 6, paragraph 2.10). In Subarea 48.2: South Orkney Pelagic Area (SOPA), South Orkney West (SOW), South Orkney Northeast (SONE), South Orkney Southeast (SOSE). In Subarea 48.3: South Georgia Pelagic Area (SGPA), South Georgia West (SGW), South Georgia East (SGE). In Subarea 48.4: South Sandwich Pelagic Area (SSPA), South Sandwich Islands (SSI). Coastlines and ice shelves: UK Polar Data Centre/BAS and Natural Earth. Bathymetry: GEBCO. Projection: EPSG 6932 (rotated). Source: CCAMLR
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Part 2: Norway: the country that transformed a fishery into a global ingredients industry.
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Part 3: China: the silent construction of the second giant of Antarctic krill.
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Part 4: The invisible legacy of the Soviet Union: companies, fleets, and assets that survived the collapse of an empire.
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Part 5: Who will control the blue protein of the 21st century.
Why It Matters
The market is no longer observing an experimental fishery.

Notifications (N) and subsequent withdrawals (W) of intention to fish for krill in 2025 by Subarea/Division. Source: CCAMLR
The catch has reached the current operational limit and the main actors have the technology, logistical capacity, and markets necessary to sustain an industrial expansion.
The strategic question is no longer whether there is enough krill in the Southern Ocean.
The real question is who will be able to transform that resource into high-value ingredients and whether the international management system can maintain the balance between economic growth and conservation of the Antarctic ecosystem.
ofE_superbabySubareaandMemberinfishingseason2024_.png)
Catch (tonnes) of E.superba by Subarea and CCAMLR Member in fishing season 2024. Source: CCAMLR
Indicators to Watch
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Evolution of the cumulative catch relative to the operational level of 620,000 tonnes.
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Distribution of fishing effort among subareas 48.1, 48.2, and 48.3.
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Difference between notified vessels and vessels that actually conduct fishing operations.
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Evolution of negotiations on spatial management in CCAMLR.
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Incorporation of new technologies for continuous fishing and onboard processing.
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Growth in global demand for krill meal, krill oil, phospholipids, and functional ingredients.
The First Battle Has Just Begun
For decades, krill was considered a fishery of difficult profitability and scarce commercial relevance. Today it represents one of the marine resources with the greatest potential to supply aquaculture, the nutraceutical industry, and global markets for high-value ingredients.
History proves that having biomass was never enough. The difference was made by technology, logistical capacity, and industrial integration.
The next installments will show how that competitive advantage passed first from the Soviet Union to Norway and how China is now trying to build its own leadership in the Southern Ocean.
Next installment: 'Norway: the country that transformed an Antarctic catch into a global ingredients platform'.
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