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In the sea around Greenland, there are as many as 16 species of whales. Source: Visit Greenland

Massive presence of boreal whales alters dynamics of key prey such as capelin and krill in the North Atlantic

Click on the flag for more information about Greenland GREENLAND
Monday, August 17, 2026, 00:10 (GMT + 9)

Ocean warming and retreating summer ice draw thousands of baleen whales consuming one million tonnes of biomass in Eastern Greenland

The coastal strip of eastern Greenland is undergoing a profound ecological transformation driven by altering oceanographic conditions and the massive arrival of large cetaceans. A study conducted by researchers from the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources reveals that the region's waters have shifted from recording sporadic sightings to hosting stable concentrations of cetaceans during the summer season, reaching latitudes of at least 70°N.

In southeast Greenland, the colder East Greenland Coastal Current (EGCC) and the Irminger Current (IC), a branch of the North Atlantic Current (NAC), meet. The colder East Greenland Current normally left the pack ice on the coast long and had also brought a lot of ice from the north. But the warming of the water masses caused the pack ice to melt earlier and earlier, making the coast regularly ice-free in summer (Fig.). Map: Heide- Jørgensen et al (2022)/Polar Journal

According to estimates for the summer of 2024, the area received approximately 4,000 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), 6,000 fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), and 4,500 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). This phenomenon directly corresponds to the geographic reorganization of their primary food sources. Capelin (Mallotus villosus), a key forage fish species in the North Atlantic, has gradually shifted its population centers from waters adjacent to Iceland toward the Greenland Sea, sharing prominence in the baleen whales' diet with various krill species (Euphausiacea).

 

Large aggregations of humpback or fin whales, white-beaked dolphins and especially orcas were found more and more frequently. For the researchers, this is a clear sign of a change of state in the region. Image: Dr Michael Wenger/Polar Journal

Trophic analysis by the scientific institute estimates that the combined biomass of the three whale species consumes nearly 1,000,000 tonnes of prey during their summer stay of approximately 4 months. This predatory pressure unfolds against a backdrop of rapid physical changes: oceanographic measurements confirm an average increase of 1 °C in sea surface temperature in eastern Greenland since the late 1990s, coupled with a steady retreat of the southern summer sea ice limit recorded since the early 2000s.

 

Fish are an important food source for all Arctic inhabitants, human and animal. But larger numbers of whales also mean more food competition for local and regional fisheries, with the economic consequences that entails. Images: Kim Hansen CC-BY SA 3.0 / Michael Wenger/Polar Journal

Scientists describe this process as a borealization of the Arctic ecosystem, characterized by the expansion of species adapted to open, milder waters at the expense of endemic ice-associated fauna. Among the affected organisms, the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) stands out, having begun to overlap in its habitats with large rorquals, which could lead to local displacement due to spatial and resource competition.

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a small but significant fish found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Source: Fosnavaag Pelagic AS/Linkedin

From a fisheries management perspective, this transformation does not yet exert a direct immediate impact on commercial fleets, as there is currently no active commercial fishery for capelin (Mallotus villosus) in this eastern sector of Greenland. However, scientific and fisheries authorities warn that the redistribution of forage fish stocks and the sustained presence of apex predators constitute critical variables that must be prioritized in future stock assessments and fishery management plans in the region.


🇯🇵 日本語 (Japanese Version) | AIによる自動翻訳

ホッキョククジラ類の大量回游が北大西洋におけるカラフトシシャモやオキアミなど主要餌生物の動態を変化させる

海面水温の上昇と夏季海氷の退縮により何千頭ものヒゲクジラ類が飛来、グリーンランド東部で100万トンのバイオマスを消費

グリーンランド東部の沿岸海域は、海洋条件の変化と大型鯨類の大量来游により、深刻な生態系変容を遂げています。グリーンランド自然資源研究所Greenland Institute of Natural Resources)の研究者らによる調査によると、同海域は従来の散発的な確認から、夏季において少なくとも北緯70°Nに達する安定した鯨類の回游域へと変化しています。

2024年夏季の推定データによると、同海域には約4,000頭のザトウクジラ(Megaptera novaeangliae)、6,000頭のナガスクジラ(Balaenoptera physalus)、4,500頭のミンククジラ(Balaenoptera acutorostrata)が来游しました。この現象は主要な餌資源の地理的再編に直接起因しています。北大西洋における重要な餌料小魚であるカラフトシシャモ(Mallotus villosus)は、アイスランド近海からグリーンランド海へと corporate その棲息中心域を徐々に移動させており、各種オキアミ類(Euphausiacea)とともにヒゲクジラ類の主要な食性を占めるようになっています。

同研究所の栄養生態分析によると、これら3種のクジラの合計バイオマスは、約4ヶ月間の夏季滞在中に約1,000,000トンの餌生物を消費すると試算されています。この捕食圧は急激な環境変化のなかで発生しています。海洋観測データでは、1990年代後半以降、グリーンランド東部の海面水温が平均1 °C上昇しており、2000年代初頭から記録されている夏季海氷南限線の継続的な退縮と一致しています。

科学者らはこのプロセスを北極生態系のボレアル化(寒温帯化)と表現しており、氷に依存する固有の動物群が犠牲になる一方で、より温暖で開けた海域に適応した種が拡大することを特徴としています。影響を受ける生物のなかでもイッカク(Monodon monoceros)が注目されており、大型ナガスクジラ科との生息域の重複が始まっており、空間や資源をめぐる競合による局所的な追いやられが懸念されています。

漁業管理の観点からは、現在グリーンランド東部海域においてカラフトシシャモ(Mallotus villosus)の商業漁業が行われていないため、この変化が操業中の漁船団に及ぼす直接的かつ即座の影響は生じていません。しかしながら、科学および漁業当局は、餌料魚資源の再配置と頂点捕食者の持続的な集中が、今後の資源評価および当該地域の漁業管理計画において最優先で組み込まれるべき重要な変数であると警告しています。


🇨🇳 中文 (Simplified Chinese Version) | 由人工智能自动翻译

北极须鲸大量涌入改变北大西洋毛鳞鱼和磷虾等关键猎物的动态

海洋升温与夏季海冰退缩吸引数千头须鲸,在格陵兰东部消耗一百万吨生物量

格陵兰东部沿岸海域正经历由海洋学条件改变及大型鲸类大量涌入所推动的深刻生态转型。由格陵兰自然资源研究所Greenland Institute of Natural Resources)研究人员主导的一项研究表明,该地区的接收水域已从偶尔记录到鲸类,转变为夏季拥有稳定鲸类聚集区,分布纬度至少达到北纬70°N

根据2024年夏季的估计数据,该地区迎来了约4,000头座头鲸(Megaptera novaeangliae)、6,000头长须鲸(Balaenoptera physalus)以及4,500头小须鲸(Balaenoptera acutorostrata)。这一现象直接对应于其主要食物来源的地理重组。毛鳞鱼(Mallotus villosus)作为北大西洋关键的饵料鱼类,其种群中心已从冰岛邻近水域逐步转移至格陵兰海,与各类磷虾(Euphausiacea)共同构成须鲸的主要食物来源。

该科研机构的营养级分析计算得出,这3种鲸类的总生物量在约4个月的夏季停留期间,共消耗约1,000,000吨猎物。这种捕食压力发生在物理环境快速变化的背景下:海洋学观测证实,自1990年代末以来,格陵兰东部海面平均温度上升了1 °C,同时自2000年代初以来记录到的夏季海冰南部边缘持续退缩。

科学家将这一过程描述为北极生态系统的北方化(Borealization),其特点是适应开放和较温和水域的物种不断扩张,而与冰层相关的特有动物群落则面临栖息地萎缩。在受影响的生物中,独角鲸(Monodon monoceros)尤为突出,其栖息地已开始与大型须鲸重叠,可能导致因空间和资源竞争而引起的局部位移。

从渔业管理的角度来看,由于目前在格陵兰东部该海区不存在针对毛鳞鱼(Mallotus villosus)的商业性捕捞活动,因此这一转变尚未对商业捕捞舰队产生直接的即时影响。然而,科研与渔业主管机关警告称,饵料鱼类资源重布与顶级捕食者的持续聚集构成了关键变量,必须在未来的资源评估和该区域的渔业管理决策中予以优先考量。

editorial@seafood.media
www.seafood.media


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